Nested Chats for Tool Use in Conversational Chess

This notebook demonstrates how to create agents that can play chess with each other while communicating in natural language. The key concept covered in this notebook is the use of nested chats to enable tool use and packaging an LLM-based agent with a tool executor agent into a single agent.

Related tutorials: - Tool Use - Nested Chats

In this setting, each player is an agent backed by an LLM equipped two tools: - get_legal_moves to get a list of current legal moves. - make_move to make a move.

A board proxy agent is set up to execute the tools and manage the game. It is important to use a board proxy as a non-LLM “guard rail” to ensure the game is played correctly and to prevent agents from making illegal moves.

Each time a player agent receives a message from the other player agent, it instantiates a nested chat with the board proxy agent to get the legal moves and make a move using the tools given. The nested chat between the player agent and the board agent continues until the a legal move is made by the tool. Once the nested chat concludes, the player agent sends a message to the other player agent about the move made.

Installation

First you need to install the autogen and chess packages to use AutoGen.

! pip install -qqq autogen chess

Setting up LLMs

Now you can set up the models you want to use.

import os

player_white_config_list = [
    {
        "model": "gpt-4-turbo-preview",
        "api_key": os.environ.get("OPENAI_API_KEY"),
    },
]

player_black_config_list = [
    {
        "model": "gpt-4-turbo-preview",
        "api_key": os.environ.get("OPENAI_API_KEY"),
    },
]

Creating tools

Write functions for getting legal moves and making a move.

from typing import List

import chess
import chess.svg
from IPython.display import display
from typing_extensions import Annotated

# Initialize the board.
board = chess.Board()

# Keep track of whether a move has been made.
made_move = False


def get_legal_moves() -> Annotated[str, "A list of legal moves in UCI format"]:
    return "Possible moves are: " + ",".join([str(move) for move in board.legal_moves])


def make_move(move: Annotated[str, "A move in UCI format."]) -> Annotated[str, "Result of the move."]:
    move = chess.Move.from_uci(move)
    board.push_uci(str(move))
    global made_move
    made_move = True
    # Display the board.
    display(
        chess.svg.board(board, arrows=[(move.from_square, move.to_square)], fill={move.from_square: "gray"}, size=200)
    )
    # Get the piece name.
    piece = board.piece_at(move.to_square)
    piece_symbol = piece.unicode_symbol()
    piece_name = (
        chess.piece_name(piece.piece_type).capitalize()
        if piece_symbol.isupper()
        else chess.piece_name(piece.piece_type)
    )
    return f"Moved {piece_name} ({piece_symbol}) from {chess.SQUARE_NAMES[move.from_square]} to {chess.SQUARE_NAMES[move.to_square]}."

Creating agents

Let’s create the agents. We have three different agents: - player_white is the agent that plays white. - player_black is the agent that plays black. - board_proxy is the agent that moves the pieces on the board.

from autogen import ConversableAgent, register_function

player_white = ConversableAgent(
    name="Player White",
    system_message="You are a chess player and you play as white. "
    "First call get_legal_moves() first, to get list of legal moves. "
    "Then call make_move(move) to make a move.",
    llm_config={"config_list": player_white_config_list, "cache_seed": None},
)

player_black = ConversableAgent(
    name="Player Black",
    system_message="You are a chess player and you play as black. "
    "First call get_legal_moves() first, to get list of legal moves. "
    "Then call make_move(move) to make a move.",
    llm_config={"config_list": player_black_config_list, "cache_seed": None},
)

# Check if the player has made a move, and reset the flag if move is made.


def check_made_move(msg):
    global made_move
    if made_move:
        made_move = False
        return True
    else:
        return False


board_proxy = ConversableAgent(
    name="Board Proxy",
    llm_config=False,
    # The board proxy will only terminate the conversation if the player has made a move.
    is_termination_msg=check_made_move,
    # The auto reply message is set to keep the player agent retrying until a move is made.
    default_auto_reply="Please make a move.",
    human_input_mode="NEVER",
)

register_function(
    make_move,
    caller=player_white,
    executor=board_proxy,
    name="make_move",
    description="Call this tool to make a move.",
)

register_function(
    get_legal_moves,
    caller=player_white,
    executor=board_proxy,
    name="get_legal_moves",
    description="Get legal moves.",
)

register_function(
    make_move,
    caller=player_black,
    executor=board_proxy,
    name="make_move",
    description="Call this tool to make a move.",
)

register_function(
    get_legal_moves,
    caller=player_black,
    executor=board_proxy,
    name="get_legal_moves",
    description="Get legal moves.",
)

Now the agents have their tools ready. You can inspect the auto-generated tool schema for each agent.

player_black.llm_config["tools"]

[{'type': 'function',
  'function': {'description': 'Call this tool to make a move.',
   'name': 'make_move',
   'parameters': {'type': 'object',
    'properties': {'move': {'type': 'string',
      'description': 'A move in UCI format.'}},
    'required': ['move']}}},
 {'type': 'function',
  'function': {'description': 'Get legal moves.',
   'name': 'get_legal_moves',
   'parameters': {'type': 'object', 'properties': {}, 'required': []}}}]

Register nested chats for the player agents. Nested chats allows each player agent to chat with the board proxy agent to make a move, before communicating with the other player agent.

In the code below, in each nested chat, the board proxy agent starts a conversation with the player agent using the message recieved from the other player agent (e.g., “Your move”). The two agents continue the conversation until a legal move is made using the make_move tool. The last message in the nested chat is a message from the player agent about the move made, and this message is then sent to the other player agent.

The following diagram illustrates the nested chat between the player agent and the board agent.

See nested chats tutorial chapter for more information.

player_white.register_nested_chats(
    trigger=player_black,
    chat_queue=[
        {
            # The initial message is the one received by the player agent from
            # the other player agent.
            "sender": board_proxy,
            "recipient": player_white,
            # The final message is sent to the player agent.
            "summary_method": "last_msg",
        }
    ],
)

player_black.register_nested_chats(
    trigger=player_white,
    chat_queue=[
        {
            # The initial message is the one received by the player agent from
            # the other player agent.
            "sender": board_proxy,
            "recipient": player_black,
            # The final message is sent to the player agent.
            "summary_method": "last_msg",
        }
    ],
)

Playing the game

Start the chess game.

# Clear the board.
board = chess.Board()

chat_result = player_black.initiate_chat(
    player_white,
    message="Let's play chess! Your move.",
    max_turns=4,
)

Player Black (to Player White):

Let's play chess! Your move.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> USING AUTO REPLY...

********************************************************************************
Starting a new chat....

********************************************************************************
Board Proxy (to Player White):

Let's play chess! Your move.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> USING AUTO REPLY...
Player White (to Board Proxy):

***** Suggested tool call (call_8aNbVlbAuH1l4f196x6R5Ccv): get_legal_moves *****
Arguments: 
{}
********************************************************************************

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> EXECUTING FUNCTION get_legal_moves...
Board Proxy (to Player White):

Board Proxy (to Player White):

***** Response from calling tool (call_8aNbVlbAuH1l4f196x6R5Ccv) *****
Possible moves are: g1h3,g1f3,b1c3,b1a3,h2h3,g2g3,f2f3,e2e3,d2d3,c2c3,b2b3,a2a3,h2h4,g2g4,f2f4,e2e4,d2d4,c2c4,b2b4,a2a4
**********************************************************************

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> USING AUTO REPLY...
Player White (to Board Proxy):

***** Suggested tool call (call_BT0pL4qOUJNt4tH9JhzUWxa0): make_move *****
Arguments: 
{"move":"e2e4"}
**************************************************************************

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> EXECUTING FUNCTION make_move...
Board Proxy (to Player White):

Board Proxy (to Player White):

***** Response from calling tool (call_BT0pL4qOUJNt4tH9JhzUWxa0) *****
Moved pawn (♙) from e2 to e4.
**********************************************************************

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> USING AUTO REPLY...
Player White (to Board Proxy):

I've moved the pawn from e2 to e4. Your move!

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Player White (to Player Black):

I've moved the pawn from e2 to e4. Your move!

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> USING AUTO REPLY...

********************************************************************************
Starting a new chat....

********************************************************************************
Board Proxy (to Player Black):

I've moved the pawn from e2 to e4. Your move!

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> USING AUTO REPLY...
Player Black (to Board Proxy):

***** Suggested tool call (call_4kweVDAIgGqvKruWz4PvK01f): get_legal_moves *****
Arguments: 
{}
********************************************************************************

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> EXECUTING FUNCTION get_legal_moves...
Board Proxy (to Player Black):

Board Proxy (to Player Black):

***** Response from calling tool (call_4kweVDAIgGqvKruWz4PvK01f) *****
Possible moves are: g8h6,g8f6,b8c6,b8a6,h7h6,g7g6,f7f6,e7e6,d7d6,c7c6,b7b6,a7a6,h7h5,g7g5,f7f5,e7e5,d7d5,c7c5,b7b5,a7a5
**********************************************************************

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> USING AUTO REPLY...
Player Black (to Board Proxy):

***** Suggested tool call (call_p3asgsBvtmA7O4aAtgHhYp48): make_move *****
Arguments: 
{"move":"e7e5"}
**************************************************************************

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> EXECUTING FUNCTION make_move...
Board Proxy (to Player Black):

Board Proxy (to Player Black):

***** Response from calling tool (call_p3asgsBvtmA7O4aAtgHhYp48) *****
Moved pawn (♟) from e7 to e5.
**********************************************************************

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> USING AUTO REPLY...
Player Black (to Board Proxy):

I've moved my pawn from e7 to e5. Your move!

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Player Black (to Player White):

I've moved my pawn from e7 to e5. Your move!

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> USING AUTO REPLY...

********************************************************************************
Starting a new chat....

********************************************************************************
Board Proxy (to Player White):

I've moved my pawn from e7 to e5. Your move!

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> USING AUTO REPLY...
Player White (to Board Proxy):

***** Suggested tool call (call_9ynncokEz6NnIAy4RWLoUSb6): get_legal_moves *****
Arguments: 
{}
********************************************************************************

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> EXECUTING FUNCTION get_legal_moves...
Board Proxy (to Player White):

Board Proxy (to Player White):

***** Response from calling tool (call_9ynncokEz6NnIAy4RWLoUSb6) *****
Possible moves are: g1h3,g1f3,g1e2,f1a6,f1b5,f1c4,f1d3,f1e2,e1e2,d1h5,d1g4,d1f3,d1e2,b1c3,b1a3,h2h3,g2g3,f2f3,d2d3,c2c3,b2b3,a2a3,h2h4,g2g4,f2f4,d2d4,c2c4,b2b4,a2a4
**********************************************************************

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> USING AUTO REPLY...
Player White (to Board Proxy):

***** Suggested tool call (call_ohlmvsDY5fFi9JaryU2y9IhS): make_move *****
Arguments: 
{"move":"e2e4"}
**************************************************************************

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> EXECUTING FUNCTION make_move...
Board Proxy (to Player White):

Board Proxy (to Player White):

***** Response from calling tool (call_ohlmvsDY5fFi9JaryU2y9IhS) *****
Error: illegal uci: 'e2e4' in rnbqkbnr/pppp1ppp/8/4p3/4P3/8/PPPP1PPP/RNBQKBNR w KQkq - 0 2
**********************************************************************

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> USING AUTO REPLY...
Player White (to Board Proxy):

It looks like there was an error with my intended move, which seems to be a misunderstanding since the move I tried to make (e2 to e4) is not legal given the board's current state. Since I mistakenly interpreted the board's initial setup and your move, let's proceed correctly based on the actual state of the game.

Based on the available moves, I will now choose a different move to make. Let's go with d2 to d4.
***** Suggested tool call (call_zNB1QN26j5T0cggskYabBJRs): make_move *****
Arguments: 
{"move":"d2d4"}
**************************************************************************

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> EXECUTING FUNCTION make_move...
Board Proxy (to Player White):

Board Proxy (to Player White):

***** Response from calling tool (call_zNB1QN26j5T0cggskYabBJRs) *****
Moved pawn (♙) from d2 to d4.
**********************************************************************

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> USING AUTO REPLY...
Player White (to Board Proxy):

I've moved my pawn from d2 to d4. Your move!

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Player White (to Player Black):

I've moved my pawn from d2 to d4. Your move!

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> USING AUTO REPLY...

********************************************************************************
Starting a new chat....

********************************************************************************
Board Proxy (to Player Black):

I've moved my pawn from d2 to d4. Your move!

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> USING AUTO REPLY...
Player Black (to Board Proxy):

***** Suggested tool call (call_NXjSt2zzC6e342henmdTTV6U): get_legal_moves *****
Arguments: 
{}
********************************************************************************

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> EXECUTING FUNCTION get_legal_moves...
Board Proxy (to Player Black):

Board Proxy (to Player Black):

***** Response from calling tool (call_NXjSt2zzC6e342henmdTTV6U) *****
Possible moves are: g8e7,g8h6,g8f6,f8e7,f8d6,f8c5,f8b4,f8a3,e8e7,d8e7,d8f6,d8g5,d8h4,b8c6,b8a6,e5d4,h7h6,g7g6,f7f6,d7d6,c7c6,b7b6,a7a6,h7h5,g7g5,f7f5,d7d5,c7c5,b7b5,a7a5
**********************************************************************

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> USING AUTO REPLY...
Player Black (to Board Proxy):

***** Suggested tool call (call_yBiZaYTC96uQGwJWYdg1qra0): make_move *****
Arguments: 
{"move":"d7d5"}
**************************************************************************

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> EXECUTING FUNCTION make_move...
Board Proxy (to Player Black):

Board Proxy (to Player Black):

***** Response from calling tool (call_yBiZaYTC96uQGwJWYdg1qra0) *****
Moved pawn (♟) from d7 to d5.
**********************************************************************

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> USING AUTO REPLY...
Player Black (to Board Proxy):

I've moved my pawn from d7 to d5. Your move!

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Player Black (to Player White):

I've moved my pawn from d7 to d5. Your move!

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> USING AUTO REPLY...

********************************************************************************
Starting a new chat....

********************************************************************************
Board Proxy (to Player White):

I've moved my pawn from d7 to d5. Your move!

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> USING AUTO REPLY...
Player White (to Board Proxy):

***** Suggested tool call (call_xl3cbAtWFeOX05gaOdGLnZQk): get_legal_moves *****
Arguments: 
{}
********************************************************************************

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> EXECUTING FUNCTION get_legal_moves...
Board Proxy (to Player White):

Board Proxy (to Player White):

***** Response from calling tool (call_xl3cbAtWFeOX05gaOdGLnZQk) *****
Possible moves are: g1h3,g1f3,g1e2,f1a6,f1b5,f1c4,f1d3,f1e2,e1e2,e1d2,d1h5,d1g4,d1f3,d1d3,d1e2,d1d2,c1h6,c1g5,c1f4,c1e3,c1d2,b1c3,b1a3,b1d2,e4d5,d4e5,h2h3,g2g3,f2f3,c2c3,b2b3,a2a3,h2h4,g2g4,f2f4,c2c4,b2b4,a2a4
**********************************************************************

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> USING AUTO REPLY...
Player White (to Board Proxy):

***** Suggested tool call (call_qwjiKCij3YKIdaebFwtSeU4C): make_move *****
Arguments: 
{"move":"e4d5"}
**************************************************************************

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> EXECUTING FUNCTION make_move...
Board Proxy (to Player White):

Board Proxy (to Player White):

***** Response from calling tool (call_qwjiKCij3YKIdaebFwtSeU4C) *****
Moved pawn (♙) from e4 to d5.
**********************************************************************

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> USING AUTO REPLY...
Player White (to Board Proxy):

I've moved my pawn from e4 to d5. Your move!

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Player White (to Player Black):

I've moved my pawn from e4 to d5. Your move!

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> USING AUTO REPLY...

********************************************************************************
Starting a new chat....

********************************************************************************
Board Proxy (to Player Black):

I've moved my pawn from e4 to d5. Your move!

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> USING AUTO REPLY...
Player Black (to Board Proxy):

***** Suggested tool call (call_zNB1QN26j5T0cggskYabBJRs): get_legal_moves *****
Arguments: 
{}
********************************************************************************

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> EXECUTING FUNCTION get_legal_moves...
Board Proxy (to Player Black):

Board Proxy (to Player Black):

***** Response from calling tool (call_zNB1QN26j5T0cggskYabBJRs) *****
Possible moves are: g8e7,g8h6,g8f6,f8e7,f8d6,f8c5,f8b4,f8a3,e8e7,e8d7,d8e7,d8d7,d8f6,d8d6,d8g5,d8d5,d8h4,c8d7,c8e6,c8f5,c8g4,c8h3,b8d7,b8c6,b8a6,e5d4,h7h6,g7g6,f7f6,c7c6,b7b6,a7a6,e5e4,h7h5,g7g5,f7f5,c7c5,b7b5,a7a5
**********************************************************************

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> USING AUTO REPLY...
Player Black (to Board Proxy):

***** Suggested tool call (call_bBbRQByx2cqL1BrHi79qzuUj): make_move *****
Arguments: 
{"move":"d8d5"}
**************************************************************************

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> EXECUTING FUNCTION make_move...
Board Proxy (to Player Black):

Board Proxy (to Player Black):

***** Response from calling tool (call_bBbRQByx2cqL1BrHi79qzuUj) *****
Moved queen (♛) from d8 to d5.
**********************************************************************

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> USING AUTO REPLY...
Player Black (to Board Proxy):

I've moved my queen from d8 to d5. Your move!

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Player Black (to Player White):

I've moved my queen from d8 to d5. Your move!

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> USING AUTO REPLY...

********************************************************************************
Starting a new chat....

********************************************************************************
Board Proxy (to Player White):

I've moved my queen from d8 to d5. Your move!

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> USING AUTO REPLY...
Player White (to Board Proxy):

***** Suggested tool call (call_p3asgsBvtmA7O4aAtgHhYp48): get_legal_moves *****
Arguments: 
{}
********************************************************************************

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> EXECUTING FUNCTION get_legal_moves...
Board Proxy (to Player White):

Board Proxy (to Player White):

***** Response from calling tool (call_p3asgsBvtmA7O4aAtgHhYp48) *****
Possible moves are: g1h3,g1f3,g1e2,f1a6,f1b5,f1c4,f1d3,f1e2,e1e2,e1d2,d1h5,d1g4,d1f3,d1d3,d1e2,d1d2,c1h6,c1g5,c1f4,c1e3,c1d2,b1c3,b1a3,b1d2,d4e5,h2h3,g2g3,f2f3,c2c3,b2b3,a2a3,h2h4,g2g4,f2f4,c2c4,b2b4,a2a4
**********************************************************************

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> USING AUTO REPLY...
Player White (to Board Proxy):

***** Suggested tool call (call_NXjSt2zzC6e342henmdTTV6U): make_move *****
Arguments: 
{"move":"d2d4"}
**************************************************************************

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> EXECUTING FUNCTION make_move...
Board Proxy (to Player White):

Board Proxy (to Player White):

***** Response from calling tool (call_NXjSt2zzC6e342henmdTTV6U) *****
Error: illegal uci: 'd2d4' in rnb1kbnr/ppp2ppp/8/3qp3/3P4/8/PPP2PPP/RNBQKBNR w KQkq - 0 4
**********************************************************************

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> USING AUTO REPLY...
Player White (to Board Proxy):

It appears I made an error in processing moves, as the move I attempted is invalid based on the current position. Since my previous attempt to move a pawn from d2 to d4 is not legal in the current board setup, let me choose a new move.

Given the legal moves provided and the error, I will select another move. Let's proceed with a different strategy:

I will move my knight from g1 to f3.
***** Suggested tool call (call_hj4SR70DRGdP85yRvzFNKx62): make_move *****
Arguments: 
{"move":"g1f3"}
**************************************************************************

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> EXECUTING FUNCTION make_move...
Board Proxy (to Player White):

Board Proxy (to Player White):

***** Response from calling tool (call_hj4SR70DRGdP85yRvzFNKx62) *****
Moved knight (♘) from g1 to f3.
**********************************************************************

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>> USING AUTO REPLY...
Player White (to Board Proxy):

I've moved my knight from g1 to f3. Your move!

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Player White (to Player Black):

I've moved my knight from g1 to f3. Your move!

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

In the output above, you can see “Start a new chat” is displayed whenever a new nested chat is started between the board proxy agent and a player agent. The “carryover” is empty as it is a new chat in the sequence.

Nested Chats for Tool Use in Conversational Chess

Installation​

Setting up LLMs​

Creating tools​

Creating agents​

Playing the game​

Installation

Setting up LLMs

Creating tools

Creating agents

Playing the game